Cow Colostrum, an Alternative Supplement for the Newborn Llama

A newborn llama goes from a sterile womb to an environment filled with bacteria, viruses and toxins. Protection against these possible sickness-causing invaders comes from the dam's colostrum. Immunity is developed through her daily existence with exposure to barnyard contaminants as well as immunizations she might have been given over the years. Protection comes in the form of antibodies.

Antibodies are immunoglobulins of three types; IgA, IgM and IgG. These colostral antibodies are absorbed through the baby's intestine and into the blood stream. Other benefits of colostrum are the high levels of solids, minerals, proteins, vitamins and energy giving carbohydrates supplied in a concentrated form easily absorbed by the newborn. Research is being conducted to determine if colostral proteins may play a role in the humoral immune response to antigenic stimulation. Another component of colostrum is lactoferrin, a protein that binds iron, removing it from damaging microorganisms which require iron to grow and thrive. Also present are beneficial microflora which inoculate the gut and create a disadvantageous environment for pathogenic bacteria.
Absorption rates in dairy cattle indicate calves absorb colostral antibodies on a declining curve, dropping to a 33% absorption after 6 hours and 11% at 24 hours. Whether or not this is true in llamas remains to be seen, but preliminary studies show a greater percentage absorbed when the animal is supplemented soon after birth.

Radial Immunodiffusion tests were made to monitor absorption of cow colostrum (Table 1) and llama colostrum (Table 2), for IgG. The llama and bovine IgG tests are available to veterinarians and breeders throughout the world. Each species test is specific for their particular IgG.

Crias from surrounding farms have been supplemented with cow colostrum in measured amounts. In some cases where babies were too weak to stand and llama colostrum was available, we monitored the supplemented llama colostrum absorptions. Blood volume was determined by converting pounds to kilograms and multiplying that number by .07.

What we have found in our study has been that absorption of cow IgG has ranged from 2% to 26%. Animals with poor absorption were premature and their absorption rate improved over a couple of days. Cold babies with lowered body temperatures also had poor absorption. We found over 24 hours animals averaged 13% absorption. Titers on the 7 lots of cow colostrum supplemented ranged from 3400 mg/dl to 9400 mg/dl IgG, average being 5743 mg/dl. Colostrum was pooled from a commercial cattle herd located in this state (WA).

Passive transfer in 111 cria bleeds had naturally occurring llama IgG titers/ range from 100 to 3000 mg/dl. Average titer in a normal cria seemed to be 1600 mg/dl. From observations of babies with known IgG titers, we found crias with a concentration of 1000 mg/dl or higher were healthier and more active than animals with lower levels. For this reason, we decided that if we were to supplement with colostrum, we wanted to see a reasonable level of IgG present. Measurements taken on colostrum levels on a mother llama with a premature cria unable to stand and suckle gave us some insight on how potent IgG stayed in colostrum as the dam was milked. (Table 3) Samples were taken every 2 hours. Naturally, a sample of one is not a conclusive study, but the numbers are interesting in that they show how long IgG titers remain high in colostrum as it changes to milk.

Cow colostrum was chosen for several reasons. It was readily accessible, llamas have been found to share some common viruses and bacteria that also infect cattle, and we had also documented in the past the presence of cow IgG in supplemented babies up to 2 months. Some people have speculated that goat colostrum is better that cow. We have not documented the use of goat colostrum. We have found that animals with elevated levels of cow IgG do not get sick like animals with low levels of cow or llama IgG. If the IgG is present in the blood, be it cow, goat or llama, it will react and protect the animal from whatever organisms the producer of the colostrum has been exposed to. This protection lasts 21 to 30 days. Hopefully, by this time the baby is starting to develop some of its own defensive antibodies.

A cria was given 300cc of cow colostrum immediately after it was observed the mother had no milk. The titer of cow IgG in the cow colostrum was 3900 mg/dl. The highest titer of cow IgG circulating in the baby llama was 320 mg/dl on the third day after birth. Nine days after birth the llama IgG was higher in titer than the rapidly decreasing cow IgG titer. Day 30 showed a decrease in titer of cow IgG by 57%. Llama IgG now manufactured by the baby had increased to 662 mg/dl. Cow IgG could still be detected 90 days after being given in trace amounts. When checked to determine if the baby had developed antibodies to cow IgG, the baby's serum showed no reaction on immunoelectrophoresis. The measurements of IgG levels in this llama were interesting because the baby was never given llama colostrum. The measurements give us an idea of how long it takes for a baby to develop it's own immune system. Other than the 300cc of cow colostrum it had been given only milk replacer until it could eat on it's own.

Premature crias and over mature crias do not absorb colostrum well. From undocumented studies on our farm we have observed this type of cria to start absorbing colostrum after 12 to 20 hours and continue absorbing up to 72 hours. For this reason care has to be taken to supplement the cria past the 24-hour period of absorption in the normal cria. As in all cases it is important to try to supplement with the mom's colostrum first. The dam's IgG will last longer than cow or goat IgG.

In a 1997 study we attempted to document how much Bovine IgG could be supplemented to a newborn cria and how long it lasts. A freeze-dried colostrum mix from American Protein was supplemented to 10 newborns. Six crias were given 14 grams of Bovine IgG immediately at birth and 14 grams of Bovine IgG at 3 hours. The remaining 4 crias were given 8.5 grams of Bovine IgG at birth and 8.5 grams of Bovine IgG at 3 hours.

Crias were from experienced mothers that had no problem with passive transfer in the past. Crias were supplemented the Bovine IgG in a 175ml volume that was given by a 16 inch puppy feeding tube. Crias were not isolated from the mothers (both spent 24hours in a 10 x 10 ft. stall to enhance bonding).

Bovine and Camelid IgG were measured on radial immunodiffusion plates manufactured by Triple J Farms. 0 hour, 24 hour, 72 hour, 7 day, 14 day, 30 day, 60 day, and 90 day readings were taken and sometimes weanling readings as well. Transfusions of Camelid plasma were given to crias at 30 hours if their Camelid IgG level were below 1000 mg/dl. Mel Hoskin at M&M Laboratories in Michigan ran total protein, albumin and globulin levels. Table 5 contains the date from this small study.

It was interesting to note that in tubing normal cria and interfering with the dam we caused 7 out of 10 cria to need a transfusion. Crias from these mothers before the study in 1996 and after the study in 1998 treated in the same manner, except for the tubing, had average levels of passive transfer. We could think of two explanations creating poor passive transfer of Camelid IgG as; (1) intrusion between mother and cria (2) filling the cria with 175mls of colostrum at 0 hours and 3 hours decreasing hunger and the need to nurse.

Another point of interest was the amount of Bovine IgG that was needed to achieve a certain level and how long it remained in the crias blood system. On average a 29.5 pound cria supplemented 28 grams of Bovine IgG resulted in a level of 1240 mg/dl at 24 hours, 812 mg/dl at 72 hours, 622 mg/dl at 7 days, 289 mg/dl at 14 days and only a small amount detectable at 30 days generally the time that a normal cria is just beginning to manufacture it's own IgG in sufficient quantities.

Colostrum is a valuable supplement, providing newborns with protection against infections the first month of life. If management is properly utilized as to know when a baby needs assistance, supplementation of colostrum to a weak baby from the mother or donors can avoid the need of transfusions and costly veterinarian bills. As stated in previous articles, management of a llama or alpaca herd involves knowing when to leave a dam and newborn alone and when to interfere with supplementation. Preventing nursing by premature and unnecessary supplementation hinders bonding, let down of milk and possible physiological effects that the suckling action has on newborns. Current studies indicate that a Camelid's immunity system is much more efficient than any other mammal. This is another reason much effort should be put to milking the mother and using her colostrum as a preference over goat or cow colostrum. Good management in the first 24 hours will prevent much heartache and veterinary bills at 3 weeks or later.

 

able 1: Supplemented Cow Colostrum to Newborn Llamas
Cria#
Cow Colostrum
volume tubed
Total IgG
mb tubed
Est baby
Blood volume
24 Hr Cow IgG
mg/dl titer
% Absorption
1*
600 mls
24,000
764mls
198
9%
2
600
24,000
1018
330
14%
3
500
20,000
827
363
15%
4
66
2,440
636
27
7.1%
5
540
21,600
636
409
12%
6
300
12,000
890
324
24%
7
600
31,680
573
445
8%
8
700
36,960
859
86
2%
9
850
34,800
954
620
17%
10*
940
38,400
827
512
11%
11
1250
50,000
795
980
16%
12
480
19,200
795
540
22%
13*
615
24,600
541
793
17%
14
900
45,000
732
1390
23%
15
850
42,240
668
1140
18%
16
540
27,000
670
302
7.5%
17
1230
61,500
954
1290
20%
18
1230
61,500
826
223
3%
19
450
18,000
445
445
11%
20
750
69,750
750
1140
12%
21
610
56,500
1081
430
8%
22
1750
129,160
922
1280
9%
23
900
36,000
732
830
17%
24*
500
25,000
732
280
8%
25*
250
23,750
732
190
6%
26
400
23,464
922
430
17%
27
200
12,900
850
231
15%
28
385
34,700
843
500
12%
29
230
14,665
700
416
20%
30*
500
32,250
573
888
16%
Average Absorption - 13%
* Premature
Table 2: Supplemented llama colostrum to newborn crias with no natural nursing possible.
Llama # llama colos
vol. tubed
total IgG mg
tubed
Est. baby
blood volume
mg/dl titer % Absorption
1* 60mls 6400 764 75 9%
2 250 36,900 859 755 18%
3* 50 4230 827 183 36%
4 80 8460 890 165 20%
5 150 16,800 795 480 23%
6 50 4545 732 202 33%
7* 200 25,000 670 202 5%
8* 735 53,374 732 190 7.6%
9 830 66,345 732 1718 19%
10 100 13,000 800 353 22%
Average Absorption - 19%
* Premature

Table 3: Llama IgG titer on colostrum taken from one dam, after 6 hours without nursing

Sample Vol.
Titer
Total Vol. Over Time
1
1 ml sample
12,450 mg/dl
1 ml
2
180ml sample
10,370 mg/dl
181 ml
3
195ml sample
10,370 mg/dl
576 ml
4
165ml sample
8,750 mg/dl
541 ml
5
195ml sample
5,880 mg/dl
736 ml
Table 4: Baby Llama IgG titers on first 38 days after birth
DAY
mg/dl Bovine IgG
mg/dl Llama IgG
Baby Wt.
2/16/88 (before tubing)
1
0
7
25 lbs
300 cc cow colostrum immed. after tubing
1
29
7
3
320
95
10
214
235
28
139
662
38
85
410
78
39
739
105
1
845
Table 5: Supplemented Bovine IgG to newborn crias
*Llamas #1-6 were supplemented 14 grams at birth and at 3 hours

Llama #1
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.6
5.9
6.9
6.5
6.1
5.7
5.4
5.2
Albumin g/dl
3.6
3.1
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.1
3.5
3.5
Globulin g/dl
1
2.8
3.2
2.7
2.2
1.6
1.9
1.7
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
1269
705
618
386
164
Trace
Trace
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
280
1995
1939
1436
860
656
1166
Llama #2
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4
4.4
5.7
5
5.5
5
4.9
5.1
Albumin g/dl
3
2.7
3
3.2
3.5
4
3.5
Globulin g/dl
1
1.7
2.7
2.3
1.5
.9
1.6
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
936
467
356
200
Trace
Trace
Trace
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
0
1631
1601
1271
738
738
1402
1134
Llama #3
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.9
5.9
6.2
7.1
6.5
5.9
4.9
6.3
Albumin g/dl
3.5
3.3
3.7
4.3
4.2
3.8
3.6
3.6
Globulin g/dl
1.4
2.6
2.5
2.8
2.3
2.1
1.3
2.7
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
1205
712
511
191
31
Trace
0
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
702 v
724
1767
1140
770
685
1134
Llama #4
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.9
7.1
6.8
6
5.9
5.5
4.8
4.9
5.1
Albumin g/dl
3.7
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.5
3.7
3.3
Globulin g/dl
1.2
2.7
3.2
2.4
2.1
1.8
1.3
1.2
1.8
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
905
536
300
150
Trace
Trace
0
0
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
2970
2050
1645
1301
986
570
1016
1195
Llama #5
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.4
6.7
7
603
6
 5.9
Albumin g/dl
3.2
3
3.7
3.6
3.7
3.8
Globulin g/dl
1.2
3.7
3.3
 2.7
2.3
2.1
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
1370
920
872
536
109
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
1645
1586
1301
1140
1037
Llama #6
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.9
6.8
6.7
6.1
5.7
5.6
5.6
4.5
Albumin g/dl
3.8
3
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.7
3.2
Globulin g/dl
1.1
3.8
3.4
2.8
2.2
1.8
1.9
1.3
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
1480
1083
805
Nd
231
Trace
Trace
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
2028
1890
1301
1319
1037
1038
793
Table 5 Continued
*Llamas #7-10 were supplemented 8.5 grams at birth and at 3 hours
Llama #7
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.7
5.1
6.8
6.6
6.1
5.4
5.3
5.2
6.2
Albumin g/dl
3.6
3.7
4.5
4.5
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.6
4
Globulin g/dl
1.1
1.4
2.3
2.1
2
1.5
1.7
1.6
2.2
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
537
277
164
132
54
Trace
Trace
0
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
0
1437
1527
1356
987
1194
488
633
Llama #8
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.4
5.3
6.1
6.6
6.3
5.2
5.5
5.0
5.7
Albumin g/dl
3.2
3.5
4.3
4.3
3.2
2.6
3.6
3.2
3.1
Globulin g/dl
1.2
1.8
1.9
2.3
3.1
2.6
1.9
1.8
2.6
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
523
314
257
224
Trace
Trace
0
0
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
569
1820
1780
1404
1626
996
846
1646
Llama #9
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
4.7
5.2
6
6.4
5.4
5
5.1
4.8
5
Albumin g/dl
3.2
3.1
3.4
3.7
3.7
3.2
3.2
3.4
3.4
Globulin g/dl
1.5
2.1
2.6
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.4
1.6
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
375
216
207
158
Trace
Trace
0
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
0
1585
 1646
1333
1333
996
685
903
Llama #10
0 hour
24 hour
72 hour
7 day
14 day
30 day
60 day
90 day
Weaning
Total Protein g/dl
5.2
5.5
6
6.3
6.2
5.4
5.9
5.2
5.6
Albumin g/dl
3.5
2.8
3.2
3.7
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.3
3.2
Globulin g/dl
1.7
2.7
2.8
2.6
2.6
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.4
Bovine IgG mg/dl
0
437
163
257
143
Trace
Trace
0
0
Camelid IgG mg/dl
0
805
1780
2017
1263
1333
1049
738
1579

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